![]() Piezoelectric effect is a physical phenomenon using deformed piezoelectric materials to mediate the transformation between mechanical and electric energies (Lan et al., 2017). This study revealed the mechanism of piezoelectric ozonation process with different driven approaches and may provide valuable reference for selection of driven approaches in piezocatalytic study and application. ![]() OH was mainly generated by single-electron transfer without H 2O 2 generation in HPE-O 3 process, whereas both single- and double-electron transfer (with H 2O 2 generation) contributed to the production of.OH paths between HPE-O 3 and UPE-O 3 processes.Notably, piezoelectric potential and current density driven by ultrasound were approximately 47500-fold and 40-fold than those by hydro-energy, respectively. OH (the dominant active species in both processes) in UPE-O 3 process were 2–3 times higher than that in HPE-O 3 process.Nevertheless, the energy consumptions of HPE-O 3 process was only 4.01‰ of UPE-O 3 process. Besides, UPE-O 3 process (88.84%) achieved better mineralization efficiency than HPE-O 3 process (68.80%) in 90 min. The synergy indexes of HPE-O 3 and UPE-O 3 processes were 4.51 and 5.78, respectively. Thus, piezoelectric ozonation processes driven by hydraulic (HPE-O 3) and ultrasonic (UPE-O 3) forces were compared systematically, using BaTiO 3 as piezoelectric material for ibuprofen (IBP) degradation. Photo credit: Pedro Miranda/DemotixĬrowds seen watching surfers from the cliff at Praia do Norte.Driven approach is vital for evaluating degradation and energy efficiencies of piezocatalysis process. Waves reaching the lighthouse in Nazaré as the first big swell of the year arrives. Photo credit: Rafael Marchante/REUTERSĬrowds seen watching on the cliffs at Praia do Norte. Praia do Norte beach has gained popularity with big wave surfers since Hawaiian surfer Garrett McNamara broke a world record for the largest wave surfed here in 2011. Photo credit: Pedro Miranda/DemotixĪ surfer drops in on a large wave at Praia do Norte, in Nazare December 11, 2014. Surfer Sebastian Steudtner from Germany rides a big wave, while above a crowd watches from the cliffs at Praia do Norte in Nazaré. Just before it reaches the coastline, the sea becomes shallow enough for the now amplified swells to break in gigantic waves.Īll other big wave spots around the globe - Teahupoo in Tahiti, the Banzai Pipeline in Hawaii, and Mavericks off northern California - have similar undersea geography. From the headwall to the coastline, the seabed rises abruptly that enables the waves to climb really big all of a sudden. The swells originate in the North Atlantic from giant storms in wintertime, and as they arrive near Nazare their energy gets focused and amplified by the narrow canyon just like a magnifying glass focuses the suns energy into a small region. At its deepest point, the canyon floor is more than 3 miles beneath the surface and it rises rapidly to a canyon “headwall” that rises to between 100 and 150 feet just off the coast of Praia do Norte beach, which is where some of the biggest waves has been known to occur. This huge canyon runs 125 miles from the abyssal plain of the Atlantic Ocean to less than half a mile from the coastline, pointing towards the town like an arrow. Just off the coast of Nazare is the biggest underwater ravine in Europe called Nazaré Canyon. How does Nazaré manage to generate waves of colossal size with such regularity? The answer lies in Nazare's rare undersea geography. Nazaré on the Atlantic coast has now become a legendary spot in the world of big wave surfing.Ī massive wave breaks at Nazaré in Portugal. Later in October the same year, Brazilian big-wave hero Carlos Burle rode a wave that appeared to be even bigger. ![]() In January 2013, McNamara returned to Nazare and broke his own record by successfully riding a wave that was estimated to be 100 feet tall. Nazare hit headlines only in November 2011 when Hawaiian surfer Garrett McNamara surfed a record breaking giant wave measuring 78 feet from trough to crest. ![]() Nazare’s monster waves attract big wave surfers from all around, but until very recently, the town and its surfing potential was relatively unknown outside Europe. Massive waves up to 100 feet high regularly break along the rocky coastline. But when winter arrives, only the most serious thrill seekers stay. The pretty seaside town and resort of Nazaré on the west coast of Portugal remains crowded throughout the summer with tourists who flock to its long sandy beaches to relax, swim and surf.
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